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Kynhneigð

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Kynhneigð er lýsing á því hvaða kyni einhver laðast tilfinningalega og/eða kynferðislega að.

Þrír helstu flokkarnir á kynhneigðarskalanum eru gagnkynhneigð, samkynhneigð, og tvíkynhneigð. Ekki er vitað hvað veldur mismunandi kynhneigð í mönnum, en talið er að það orsakist af samspili erfðaþátta, hormóna, og umhverfisþátta og að fólk hafi ekki val um það.[1][2][3] Vísbendingar eru um að umhverfi í móðurkviði ásamt erfðaþáttum geti spilað inn í.[4][5] Vísbendingar benda ekki til þess að kynhneigð ráðist af uppeldi.[6] Gagnkynhneigð er algengasta kynhneigðin, en mismunandi kynhneigðir eru nú taldar vera eðlilegur breytileiki innan margra dýrategunda.[7][8] Sálfræðimeðferðir og önnur inngrip hafa ekki sýnt að þau geti haft áhrif á kynhneigð.[9]

Í kringum 3,5% af fullorðnum skilgreina sig sem sam- eða tvíkynhneigð samkvæmt könnun sem gerð var í Bandaríkjunum 2011.[10][11] Á milli 2% og 11% af fullorðnum hafa átt í einhverju kynferðislegu sambandi við einstakling af sama kyni.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Í breskri könnun frá 2010 sögðust 95% Breta skilgreina sig sem gagnkynhneigða, 1,5% sem sam- eða tvíkynhneigða, og 3,5% voru óvissir eða svöruðu ekki spurningunni.[22][23]

Fólk upplifir kynhneigð á mismunandi máta. Þar að auki eru skilgreiningar og flokkanir hvorki þær sömu milli samfélaga né milli einstaklinga.

Oft haldast tilfinningaleg og kynferðisleg aðlöðun í hendur, en það þarf ekki að vera svo.

Eikynhneigðir einstaklingar eru þeir sem laðast aldrei eða nær aldrei kynferðislega að öðru fólki. Breytilegt er hvort það fólk hafi kynhvöt eða ekki.[24]

Kynhneigðarskalinn

[breyta | breyta frumkóða]

Nokkur fjölbreytileiki er í birtingarmyndum kynhneigðar og kynhegðunar fólks og hafa sumir lagt til að þetta megi setja fram á skala og lýsa kynhneigð frá gangkynhneigð til samkynhneigðar. Þekktasti skalinn er Kinsey-skalinn sem líffræðingurinn Alfreð Kinsey setti fram árið 1948 í riti sýnu þar sem hann lýsti kynhegðun almennings. Ritið olli nokkurri hneysklun. Skalar sem þessi eru að miklu leyti einföldun, en þykja oft þægilegir til flokkunar:

Stig á Kinsey-skalanum Lýsing
0 Eingöngu gagnkynhneigð
1 Aðallega gagnkynhneigð, smá samkynhneigð
2 Aðallega gagnkynhneigð, en töluverð samkynhneigð
3 Jöfn gagnkynhneigð og samkynhneigð
4 Aðallega samkynhneigð, en töluverð gagnkynhneigð
5 Aðallega samkynhneigð, smá gagnkynhneigð
6 Eingöngu samkynhneigð
X Engin saga um kynferðisleg sambönd,

engin viðbrögð við kynferðislegum spurningum

Sumir upplifa kynhneigð sem óhaggandi fyrirbæri, aðrir upplifa kynhneigð sem breytilegan hlut.[25][26]

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  2. Mary Ann Lamanna; Agnes Riedmann; Susan D Stewart (2014). Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. bls. 82. ISBN 1305176898. Sótt 11. febrúar 2016. „The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established  – nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).“
  3. Gail Wiscarz Stuart (2014). Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. bls. 502. ISBN 032329412X. Sótt 11. febrúar 2016. „No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.“
  4. „Submission to the Church of England's Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality“. The Royal College of Psychiatrists. Sótt 13. júní 2013.
  5. Långström, N.; Rahman, Q.; Carlström, E.; Lichtenstein, P. (2008). „Genetic and Environmental Effects on Same-sex Sexual Behavior: A Population Study of Twins in Sweden“. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 39 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9386-1. PMID 18536986.
  6. „Submission to the Church of England's Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality“. The Royal College of Psychiatrists. Sótt 13. júní 2013.
  7. „Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality“. American Psychological Association. Afrit af upprunalegu geymt þann 8. ágúst 2013. Sótt 10. ágúst 2013.
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  10. Gary Gates (apríl 2011). „How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender?“. The Williams Institute. Afrit af upprunalegu geymt þann júlí 21, 2017. Sótt 12. maí 2014.
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  13. Binson, Diane; Michaels, Stuart; Stall, Ron; Coates, Thomas J.; Gagnon, John H.; Catania, Joseph A. (1995). „Prevalence and Social Distribution of Men Who Have Sex with Men: United States and Its Urban Centers“. The Journal of Sex Research. 32 (3): 245–54. doi:10.1080/00224499509551795. JSTOR 3812794.
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  15. Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.[blaðsíðutal vantar]
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