Skoða frumkóða fyrir Jom kippúr-stríðið

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Jom kippúr-stríðið
| partof            = [[Átök Araba og Ísraela|átökum Araba og Ísraela]] og [[Kalda stríðið|kalda stríðinu]]
| image             = Yom Kippur War Montage.png
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = '''Réttsælis frá efra horni til vinstri:'''{{flatlist|
* Ísraelskir skriðdrekar fara yfir [[Súesskurðurinn|Súesskurðinn]]
* Ísraelsk orrustuþota flýgur yfir [[Gólanhæðir]]
* Ísraelskur hermaður við bænir á [[Sínaískagi|Sínaískaga]]
* Ísraelskir hermenn forða burt særðum félögum sínum
* Egypskir hermenn draga egypska fánann að húni á hertekinni ísraelskri herstöð á Sínaískaga
* Egypskir hermenn með andlitsmynd af [[Anwar Sadat]]
}}
| date              = 6.–25. október 1973<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days |month1=10|day1=06|year1=1973|month2=10|day2=25|year2=1973}})
| place             = [[Gólanhæðir]], [[Sínaískagi]], [[Súesskurðurinn]] (á báðum bökkum) og svæðin í kring
| territory         = {{plainlist|
* Egypskar hersveitir hertaka austurbakka Súesskurðarins, að undanskildum yfirferðarstað Ísraela nálægt [[Deversoir-flugherstöðin]]ni.<ref name=Morris2011p437>Morris, 2011, Righteous Victims, bls. 437</ref>
* Ísraelskar hersveitir hertaka 1.600 km² landsvæði á norðvesturströnd Súesskurðarins innan 100 km frá egypsku höfuðborginni [[Kaíró]] og umkringja egypsku hólmlenduna á austurbakkanum.<ref name=Morris2011p437/>
* Ísraelskar hersveitir hertaka 500 km² svæði af [[Bashan]]-svæðinu efst á [[Gólanhæðir|Gólanhæðum]] og komast þannig í innan við 32 km færi við sýrlensku höfuðborgina [[Damaskus]].<ref name=Morris2011p433>Morris, 2011 bls. 433, "Bashan ... 500 square kilometers ... which brought it within {{convert|20|mi|km|disp=sqbr}} of Damascus"</ref>
}}
| result            = Ísraelskur sigur{{refn|Sjá{{sfnp|Herzog|1975|loc=Foreword}}<ref name="autogenerated450">Insight Team of the London ''Sunday Times'', bls. 450.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Luttwak |last2=Horowitz |title=The Israeli Army |url=https://archive.org/details/israeliarmy0000lutt |url-access=registration |place=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Abt Books |year=1983|isbn=978-0-89011-585-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rabinovich |title=The Yom Kippur War |url=https://archive.org/details/yomkippurwarepic0000rabi |publisher=Schocken Books |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/yomkippurwarepic0000rabi/page/498 498]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Revisiting The Yom Kippur War |first=PR |last=Kumaraswamy |pages=[https://archive.org/details/revisitingyomkip00pkum/page/n14 1]–2 |isbn=978-0-7146-5007-4 |date=2000 |publisher=Psychology Press |url=https://archive.org/details/revisitingyomkip00pkum |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |last2=Tierney |title=Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics |pages= 177, 180}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Charles |last=Liebman |url=http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/10011.pdf |title=The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society |journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies]] |volume=29 |date=July 1993 |publisher=Frank Cass |place=London |page=411 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/00263209308700958 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507055718/http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/10011.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Milestones: 1969–1976 - Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/arab-israeli-war-1973|access-date=2023-03-10 |df=dmy-all|website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Simon Dunstan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-glXraIMt8gC|title=The Yom Kippur War: The Arab-Israeli War of 1973|page=205|isbn=978-1-84603-288-2|date=18 September 2007|publisher=Bloomsbury USA}}{{Óvirkur hlekkur|bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} cfv link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="Siniver2013p6">{{cite book|author=Asaf Siniver|title=The Yom Kippur War: Politics, Legacy, Diplomacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GS4DBQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-933481-0|page=6|quote=(bls. 6) "For most Egyptians the war is remembered as an unquestionable victory—militarily as well as politically ... The fact that the war ended with Israeli troops stationed in the outskirts of Cairo and in complete encirclement of the Egyptian third army has not dampened the jubilant commemoration of the war in Egypt." (bls. 11) "Ultimately, the conflict provided a military victory for Israel, but it is remembered as 'the earthquake' or 'the blunder'"}}</ref><ref name="Bickerton2012p128">{{cite book|author=Ian Bickerton|title=The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jf5GAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|date=2012|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4411-2872-0|page=128|quote=the Arab has suffered repeated military defeats at the hand of Israel in 1956, 1967, and 1973}}</ref><ref name="Kumaraswamy2013p184">{{cite book|author=BLS.R. Kumaraswamy|title=Revisiting the Yom Kippur War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_YrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|date=2013 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-32888-6|page=184|quote=(bls. 184) "Yom Kippur War ... its final outcome was, without doubt, a military victory&nbsp; ... " (bls. 185) " ... &nbsp;in October 1973, that despite Israel's military victory"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/360505/how-we-used-do-it-mario-loyola|title=How We Used to Do It – American diplomacy in the Yom Kippur War|last=Loyola|first=Mario|date=7 October 2013|work=[[National Review]]|page=1|access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>}}
| combatant1        = '''{{flagicon|Ísrael}} [[Ísrael]]'''
| combatant2        = '''{{flagicon|Egyptaland|1972}} [[Egyptaland]]'''<br />'''{{flagicon|Sýrland|1972}} [[Sýrland]]'''<br />{{Collapsible list|title ='''Leiðangurssveitir:'''|{{flag|Sádi-Arabía}}<ref name="O'Ballance">{{cite book |last=Edgar O'Ballance |title=No Victor, No Vanquished: The Yom Kippur War |edition=1979 |pages=28–370 |publisher=[[Barrie & Jenkins]] |isbn=978-0-214-20670-2 |year=1979}}</ref>|{{flag|Algeria}}<ref name="Shazly bls.278">Shazly, bls. 278.</ref>|{{flag|Jórdanía}}|{{flag|Írak|1963}}|{{flag|Líbía|1972}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://theaviationist.com/2013/06/24/iaf-f-4-vs-nk-mig21/# |title=An unknown story from the Yom Kippur war: Israeli F-4s vs North Korean MiG-21s |work=The Aviationist |date=24 June 2013 |access-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>|{{flag|Kúveit}}<ref name=Rabinovich464-465>Rabinovich, bls. 464–465.</ref>|{{flag|Túnis}}<ref name="tlas">{{cite web|first=Hamid |last=Hussain |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/nov/4th-round.htm |title=Opinion: The Fourth round&nbsp;– A Critical Review of 1973 Arab–Israeli War |date=November 2002 |work=Defence Journal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116071541/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/nov/4th-round.htm |archive-date=16 January 2009}}</ref>|{{flag|Marokkó}}<ref name=tobji>{{cite book |title=Les officiers de Sa Majesté: Les dérives des généraux marocains 1956–2006 |year=2006 |publisher=Fayard |location=107 |isbn=978-2-213-63015-1 |author=Mahjoub Tobji}}</ref>|{{flag|Kúba}}<ref name="Ra'anan"/>|{{nowrap|{{flag|Norður-Kórea|1948}}}}<ref name="Shazly, bls. 83–84">Shazly, bls. 83–84.</ref><ref name="david2013">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-north-korea-dogfight-yom-kippur-war-2013-6|title=Israeli F-4s Actually Fought North Korean MiGs During the Yom Kippur War|first=David |last=Cenciotti|website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref name=nicolle>Nicolle, David & Cooper, Tom: ''Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 units in combat''.</ref><ref name="Aloni">Aloni, Shlomo: ''Arab–Israeli Air Wars, 1947–82''.</ref>}}
| commander1        = {{plainlist|
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Golda Meir]]'''
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Ephraim Katzir]]'''
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Moshe Dayan]]
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[David Elazar]]
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel Tal]]
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Shmuel Gonen]]
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Yitzhak Hofi]]
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Binyamin Peled]]
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Haim Bar-Lev]]
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Albert Mandler]]{{KIA}}
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Ariel Sharon]]
}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist|
* {{Flagicon|Egypt|1972}} '''[[Anwar Sadat]]'''
* {{flagicon|Syria|1972}} '''[[Hafez al-Assad]]'''
* {{Flagicon|Egypt|1972}} [[Ahmad Ismail Ali]]
* {{Flagicon|Syria|1972}} [[Mustafa Tlass]]
* {{Flagicon|Egypt|1972}} [[Saad El Shazly]]
* {{Flagicon|Egypt|1972}} [[Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy]]
}}
| strength1         = {{plainlist|
* 375.000<ref name="Rabinovich, p54">{{cite book |last=Rabinovich |title=The Yom Kippur War |page=54}}</ref>–415.000 hermenn
* 1.700 skriðdrekar<ref>Insight Team of the London ''Sunday Times'', bls. 372–373.</ref>
* 3.000 brynvarðir herbílar
* 945 stórskotaliðstæki<ref name=100mm>The number reflects artillery units of caliber 100&nbsp;mm and up</ref>
* 440 herflugvélar}}
| strength2         = '''Egyptaland''':{{plainlist|
* 650.000<ref name="Rabinovich, p54" />–800,000{{sfnp|Herzog|1975|p=239}} hermenn (200.000 fóru yfir skurðinn)
* 1.700 skriðdrekar (1.020 fóru yfir)<ref name="Shazly bls.244">Shazly, bls. 244.</ref>
* 2.400 brynvarðir herbílar
* 1.120 stórskotaliðstæki<ref name=100mm/>
* 400 herflugvélar
* 140 þyrlur<ref>Shazly, bls. 272.</ref>
* 104 herskip
* 150 loftskeyti (62 á fremstu víglínu)<ref name="Haber & Schiff, p 30 31">Haber & Schiff, bls. 30–31.</ref>}}
'''Sýrland''':{{plainlist|
* 150.000<ref name="Rabinovich, p54" /> hermenn
* 1.200 skriðdrekar<br />800–900 brynvarðir herbílar
* 600 stórskotaliðstæki<ref name=100mm/><ref name=knapp>{{cite book|title=Combined Arms in battle since 1939 |chapter=4: Antiarmor Operations on the Golan Heights |chapter-url=http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/Spiller/Spiller.asp#4AO |author=Major George E. Knapp |publisher=U.S. Army Command and General Staff College |year=1992 |access-date=1 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507120017/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/Spiller/Spiller.asp |archive-date=7 May 2010}}</ref>}}
'''Leiðangurssveitir''':{{plainlist|
* 120.000 hermenn<ref name="Rabinovich, p54" />
* 500–670 skriðdrekar<ref name="Rabinovich, 314">Rabinovich, bls. 314.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bar-On |first=Mordechai |title=A Never Ending Conflict |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |year=2004 |page=170}}</ref>
* 700 brynvarðir herbílar<ref name="Rabinovich, 314" />}}
'''Sádi-Arabía:'''{{plainlist|
23.000 hermenn (3.000 fóru yfir skurðinn)<ref name=sauditw>{{cite book|author=Neil Partrick|title=Saudi Arabian Foreign Policy: Conflict and Cooperation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LeiKDwAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-85772-793-0|page=183}}</ref><ref name=Rabinovich464-465/><ref name="okaz2019">{{cite web|title=بطولات السعوديين حاضرة.. في الحروب العربية|url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/local/na/1756574|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216061810/https://www.okaz.com.sa/local/na/1756574|archive-date=16 February 2021|work=Okaz|date=17 November 2019|access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="cmu1978">{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabian Military Activity Against Israel|url=http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=475577|work=CMU|date=May 1978|access-date=19 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120001418/http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=475577|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
'''Marokkó''':{{plainlist|
* 5.500 hermenn<ref name=afrique>{{cite web |last1=Touchard |first1=Laurent |title=Guerre du Kippour : quand le Maroc et l'Algérie se battaient côte à côte |date=7 November 2013 |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/167404/politique/guerre-du-kippour-quand-le-maroc-et-l-alg-rie-se-battaient-c-te-c-te/ |publisher=[[Jeune Afrique]] |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=temps>{{cite news|title=Le jour où Hassan II a bombardé Israël |url=http://letempsmag.com/Articles/14/Le+jour+o%C3%B9+Hassan+II++a+bombard%C3%A9+Isra%C3%ABl/568 |access-date=25 December 2013 |newspaper=Le Temps |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014191251/http://letempsmag.com/Articles/14/Le%2Bjour%2Bo%C3%B9%2BHassan%2BII%2B%2Ba%2Bbombard%C3%A9%2BIsra%C3%ABl/568 |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>
* 30 skriðdrekar frá Sýrlandi<ref name=afrique/><ref name=temps/>
* 52 herflugvélar<ref name=temps/>}}
'''Kúba''':{{plainlist|
* 500<ref name="auto3">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1988/08/cuba-havanas-military-machine/305932/|title=Cuba: Havana's Military Machine|first=John Hoyt|last=Williams|date=1 August 1988|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref>–1,000<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991 |date=2004 |page=47 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-26933-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcR_AgAAQBAJ}}</ref> hermenn}}
'''Alls:'''{{plainlist|
* 914.000–1.067.500 hermenn
* 3.430–3.600 skriðdrekar
* 3.900–4.000 brynvarðir herbílar
* 1.720 stórskotaliðstæki
* 452 herflugvélar 
* 140 þyrlur
* 104 herskip
* 150 loftskeyti}}
| casualties1       = {{plainlist|
* 2.521<ref name="autogenerated6">Schiff, ''A History of the Israeli Army'', bls. 328.</ref>–2,800<ref name="Garwych, bls. 243">Garwych, bls. 243.</ref><ref>Journal "الأهرام","Al Ahram". 14. október 1974</ref> látnir
* 7.250<ref>{{cite book |last=Rabinovich |title=The Yom Kippur War |page=497}}</ref>–8.800<ref name="Garwych, bls. 243" /> særðir
* 293 teknir höndum
* 400 skriðdrekar eyðilagðir, 663 laskaðir eða teknir<ref name="Rabinovich, 496-7">Rabinovich, bls. 496–497.</ref>
* 407 brynbílar eyðilagðir eða teknir
* 102–387 herflugvélar eyðilagðar<ref name="White House Military Briefing">{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/octwar-56.pdf |title=White House Military Briefing |access-date=22 October 2011}}</ref> <ref>"القوة الثالثة، تاريخ القوات الجوية المصرية." ''Third Power: History of Egyptian Air Force'' Ali Mohammed Labib. bls. 187</ref>}}
| casualties2       = {{plainlist|
'''Egyptaland:''' 5.000<ref name="Garwych, bls. 243" />–15.000<ref name="autogenerated87">Herzog, ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'', Keter Publishing House, 1974, bls. 87.</ref> látnir
* 8.372 teknir höndum<ref name="autogenerated2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2004/1/Background%20on%20Israeli%20POWs%20and%20MIAs |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |publisher=Mfa.gov.il |access-date=22 October 2011}}</ref> }}
'''Sýrland:'''{{plainlist|
* 3.000<ref name="Garwych, bls. 243" />–3.500<ref name="autogenerated87" /> látnir
* 392 teknir höndum<ref name="autogenerated2004" />}}
'''Marokkó:'''{{plainlist|
* 6 teknir höndum<ref name="autogenerated2004" />}}
'''Írak:'''{{plainlist|
* 278 látnir
* 898 særðir<ref name="Dunstan, bls. 200">Dunstan, bls. 200.</ref>
* 13 teknir höndum<ref name="autogenerated2004" />}}
'''Kúba:'''{{plainlist|
* 180 látnir
* 250 særðir<ref name="Ra'anan">Ra’anan, G. D. (1981). ''The Evolution of the Soviet Use of Surrogates in Military Relations with the Third World, with Particular Emphasis on Cuban Participation in Africa''. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation. bls. 37</ref>}}
'''Jórdanía:'''{{plainlist|
* 23 látnir
* 77 særðir<ref name="Dunstan, bls. 200"/>}}
----
'''Mannfall alls:'''{{plainlist|
* 8.000<ref name="Garwych, bls. 243" />–18,500<ref name="autogenerated87" /> látnir
* 18.000<ref name="Garwych, bls. 243" />–35,000<ref>Rabinovich bls. 497</ref> særðir
* 8.783 teknir höndum
* 2.250<ref name="Rabinovich, 496-7" />–2.300<ref name="Garwych p 244">Garwych bls. 244</ref> skriðdrekar eyðilagðir
* 341<ref name="Garwych, bls. 243" />–514<ref name="Herzog, 260">Herzog, bls. 260.</ref> flugvélar eyðilagðar
* 19 herskipum sökkt{{sfnp|Herzog|1975|p=269}}}}
| notes             = 
}}
'''Jom kippúr-stríðið''' (oft umritað ''yom kippur-stríðið'') einnig nefnt '''ramadanstríðið''' eða '''októberstríðið''' var stríð milli [[Ísrael]]s annars vegar og bandalags arabaríkja undir forystu [[Egyptaland]]s og [[Sýrland]]s hins vegar. Stríðið var háð dagana [[6. október|6.–]][[26. október]] árið [[1973]]. Stríðið hófst með sameiginlegri árás Egyptalands og Sýrlands á Ísrael á [[jom kippúr]], hátíðisdegi gyðinga. Egyptar og Sýrlendingar héldu inn á [[Sínaískagi|Sínaískaga]] og [[Gólanhæðir]] tilsvarslega en þeim landsvæðum höfðu Egyptaland og Sýrland tapað í [[Sex daga stríðið|Sex daga stríðinu]] árið [[1967]].

Fyrstu tvo sólarhringana varð Egyptum og Sýrlendingum þó nokkuð ágengt en eftir það snerist stríðsreksturinn Ísraelsmönnum í vil. Tveimur vikum seinna höfðu Sýrlendingar verið hraktir burt frá Gólanhæðum. Í suðri ráku Ísraelsmenn fleyg milli tveggja innrásarherja Egypta við [[Súesskurðurinn|Súesskurðinn]] og höfðu einangrað þriðja her Egypta þegar vopnahlé tók gildi.

Talið er að milli 8500 og 15 þúsund Egyptar og Sýrlendingar hafi látið lífið í átökunum og milli 20 og 35 þúsund hafi særst. Í liði Ísraela létust 2656 manns og 7250 særðust.

Stríðið hafði mikil áhrif á stjórnmál [[Miðausturlönd|Miðausturlanda]]. 

== Heimildir og ítarefni ==
* el Badri, Hassan (1979). ''The Ramadan War, 1973'' (Fairfax, Va: T. N. Dupuy Associates Books).
* Herzog, Chaim (2003). ''The War of Atonement: The Inside Story of the Yom Kippur War'' (London: Greenhill Books).
* Israelyan, Victor. ''Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War'' (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press).
* Ma'Oz, Moshe. ''Syria and Israel: From War to Peacemaking'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
* Rabinovich, Abraham. ''The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East'' (New York, NY: Schocken Books).
{{Commonscat|1973 Arab-Israeli War|jom kippúr-stríðinu}}

==Tilvísanir==
<references/>
{{Kalda stríðið}}
[[Flokkur:Deilur araba og Ísraela]]
[[Flokkur:Saga Ísraels]]
[[Flokkur:Saga Egyptalands]]
[[Flokkur:Saga Sýrlands]]
[[Flokkur:Stríð á 20. öld]]
[[Flokkur:1973]]