„Raunhyggja í alþjóðasamskiptum“: Munur á milli breytinga

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* [[Otto von Bismarck]], Prússneskur herforingi sem mótaði hugtakið valdajafnvægi í alþjóðasamskiptum.
* [[Otto von Bismarck]], Prússneskur herforingi sem mótaði hugtakið valdajafnvægi í alþjóðasamskiptum.
* Fræðimenn á 20. öld: [[Hans Morgenthau]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Richard Nixon]], French General and President [[Charles de Gaulle]] og [[Joseph Stalin]].
* Fræðimenn á 20. öld: [[Hans Morgenthau]], [[Henry Kissinger]], [[Richard Nixon]], French General and President [[Charles de Gaulle]] og [[Joseph Stalin]].

==Aðrar heimildir==
{{refbegin}}
* Ashley, Richard K. "Political Realism and the Human Interests," ''International Studies Quarterly'' (1981) 25: 204-36.
* Barkin, J. Samuel ''Realist Constructivism: Rethinking International Relations Theory'' (Cambridge University Press; 2010) 202 pages. Examines areas of both tension and overlap between the two approaches to IR theory.
* Bell, Duncan, ed. ''Political Thought and International Relations: Variations on a Realist Theme''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
* Booth, Ken. 1991. "Security in anarchy: Utopian realism in theory and practice", ''International Affairs'' 67(3), pp. 527–545
* Crawford; Robert M. A. ''Idealism and Realism in International Relations: Beyond the Discipline'' (2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/108927087?title=Idealism%20and%20Realism%20in%20International%20Relations%3a%20%20Beyond%20the%20Discipline online edition]
* Donnelly; Jack. ''Realism and International Relations'' (2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/105287467?title=Realism%20and%20International%20Relations online edition]
* Gilpin, Robert G. "The richness of the tradition of political realism," ''International Organization'' (1984), 38:287-304
* Griffiths; Martin. ''Realism, Idealism, and International Politics: A Reinterpretation'' (1992) [http://www.questia.com/read/103440988?title=Realism%2c%20Idealism%2c%20and%20International%20Politics%3a%20A%20Reinterpretation online edition]
* Guilhot Nicolas, ed. ''The Invention of International Relations Theory: Realism, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the 1954 Conference on Theory'' (2011)
* Keohane, Robert O., ed. ''Neorealism and its Critics'' (1986)
* Lebow, Richard Ned. ''The Tragic Vision of Politics: Ethics, Interests and Orders''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
* Mearsheimer, John J., "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics." New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. [Seminal text on Offensive Neorealism]
* Meyer, Donald. ''The Protestant Search for Political Realism, 1919-1941'' (1988) [http://www.questia.com/read/8470328?title=The%20Protestant%20Search%20for%20Political%20Realism%2c%201919-1941 online edition]
* Molloy, Sean. ''The Hidden History of Realism: A Genealogy of Power Politics''. New York: Palgrave, 2006.
* Morgenthau, Hans. "Scientific Man versus Power Politics" (1946) Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
** "Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace" (1948) New York NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
** "In Defense of the National Interest" (1951) New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
** "The Purpose of American Politics" (1960) New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
* Murray, A. J. H., ''Reconstructing Realism: Between Power Politics and Cosmopolitan Ethics''. Edinburgh: Keele University Press, 1997.
* Osborn, Ronald, "Noam Chomsky and the Realist Tradition," ''Review of International Studies'', Vol.35, No.2, 2009.
* Rosenthal, Joel H. ''Righteous Realists: Political Realism, Responsible Power, and American Culture in the Nuclear Age.'' (1991). 191 pp. Compares [[Reinhold Niebuhr]], [[Hans J. Morgenthau]], [[Walter Lippmann]], [[George F. Kennan]], and [[Dean Acheson]]
* Scheuerman, William E. 2010. "The (classical) Realist vision of global reform." ''International Theory'' 2(2): pp. 246–282.
* Schuett, Robert. ''Political Realism, Freud, and Human Nature in International Relations''. New York: Palgrave, 2010.
* Smith, Michael Joseph. ''Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger'' (1986)
* Tjalve, Vibeke S. ''Realist Strategies of Republican Peace: Niebuhr, Morgenthau, and the Politics of Patriotic Dissent''. New York: Palgrave, 2008.
* Williams, Michael C. ''The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
{{refend}}

==Fleiri netheimildir==
* [http://www.e-ir.info/?p=1921 Comparing and Contrasting Classical Realism and Neorealism] by Arash Heydarian Pashakhanlou
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism-intl-relations/ Political Realism in International Relations in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
* [http://blog.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/drg/ Global Power Barometer]
* [http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2005/11/06/the_realist_persuasion/ The Realist Persuasion] by [[Andrew J. Bacevich]], for the ''[[Boston Globe]]'', November 6, 2005
* [http://nationalinterest.org/ The National Interest]
* [http://www.nationalinterest.in/ The Indian National Interest]
* [http://www.theory-talks.org/2008/07/theory-talk-12.html Interview with neorealist Robert Jervis by ''Theory Talks''] (July 2008)
* [http://www.theory-talks.org/2011/06/theory-talk-40.html Interview with realist Kenneth Waltz by ''Theory Talks''] (May 2011)
* [http://www.nationalinterest.org/PrinterFriendly.aspx?id=19672/ The Neocons vs. The Realists]

Útgáfa síðunnar 27. nóvember 2014 kl. 12:51

Niccolò Machiavelli skrifaði The Prince sem byggist á raunhyggju.

"Raunhyggja" er ráðandi kenning í alþjóðasamskiptum. Kenninguna má rekja allt aftur til Þúsýdídesar og Machiavelli. Helstu einkenni raunhyggju eru áherslur á styrk ríkja og forsendur fyrir tilvist ríkisins, raison d’état. Raunhyggja byggir kenningu sína á því að ríki séu alls ráðandi og aðalgerendur í alþjóðasamfélaginu. Auk þess sem raunhyggjan gengur út frá því að ríki lifi í hættulegu umhverfi og að alþjóðsamélagið byggi á stjórnleysi.

Helstu áherslur raunhyggju

Kenningin um raunhyggju byggir á eftir farandi ályktunum

  1. Í alþjóðasamfélaginu ríkir stjórnleysi.
    • Utan landamæra ríkjanna starfa ríkin sjálf í stjórnleysi þar sem reglur og lög eru ekki í samræmi við reglur innan ríkja.
    • Stjórnleysið veldur stöðugri baráttu um völd og leit að valdajafnvægi.
    • Stjórnleysið er einkenni á kerfinu en ekki orsök átaka innan þess.
  2. Ríkishyggja
    • Ríki eru aðalgerendur í alþjóðakerfinu.
  3. Markmið ríkja er að lifa af.
  4. Sjálfshjálparviðleitni.
    • Stjórnleysi alþjóðakerfisins hvetur til sjálfshjálpar og ríki reyna að hámarka öryggi sitt.

Raunhyggja leggur ofur áherslu á ríki og leið þeirra til að tryggja sér völd. Ríki munu ávallt sækjast í aukin völd til að tryggja að þau lifi af í fjandsömu og stjórnlausu umhverfi og verða þau að sækjast eftir slíku valdi af sjálfdáðum. Kerfið leitast hins vegar alltaf að valdajafnvægi svo að eitt ríki eða ríkjabandalög nái ekki völdum yfir öðrum ríkjum.

Klassísk raunhyggja

Klassísk raunhyggja byggir á skrifum Þúkýdídes�ar. Þúkýdídes� hélt því fram að valdabarátta ríkja skapaðist vegna líffræðilegrar hegðunar mansins. Valdabarátta sé mönnum eðlislæg og sækjumst við eftir því að tilheyra samfélaginu og lifa af. Slík yfirfærðist einungis á stjórnmálin.

Formgerðar raunhyggja

Formgerðar raunhyggja telur ástæður fyrir valdabaráttu ekki vera mannlegt eðli heldur byggi valdabarátta á formgerð kerfisins. Stjórnleysi kerfisins ýtir undir ótta og óöryggi sem leiði til valdabaráttu. Valddreifing og valdajafvægi þarf því að hafa í huga þegar stríð og friður eru skilgreind á milli ríkja. Formgerðar raunhyggja skiptist í tvo hópa. Annars vegar þá sem trúa á varnarraunhyggju og hins vegar sóknarraunhyggju.

  1. Varnarraunhyggja
  2. Sóknarraunhyggja


Helstu fræðimenn

Þrátt fyrir að raunhyggja hafi náð mestu vinsældum eftir seinni heimsstyrjöldina hafa fræðimenn fyrri tíma skrifa í samræmi við kenningar raunhyggjunnar. [1][2]

Aðrar heimildir

  • Ashley, Richard K. "Political Realism and the Human Interests," International Studies Quarterly (1981) 25: 204-36.
  • Barkin, J. Samuel Realist Constructivism: Rethinking International Relations Theory (Cambridge University Press; 2010) 202 pages. Examines areas of both tension and overlap between the two approaches to IR theory.
  • Bell, Duncan, ed. Political Thought and International Relations: Variations on a Realist Theme. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Booth, Ken. 1991. "Security in anarchy: Utopian realism in theory and practice", International Affairs 67(3), pp. 527–545
  • Crawford; Robert M. A. Idealism and Realism in International Relations: Beyond the Discipline (2000) online edition
  • Donnelly; Jack. Realism and International Relations (2000) online edition
  • Gilpin, Robert G. "The richness of the tradition of political realism," International Organization (1984), 38:287-304
  • Griffiths; Martin. Realism, Idealism, and International Politics: A Reinterpretation (1992) online edition
  • Guilhot Nicolas, ed. The Invention of International Relations Theory: Realism, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the 1954 Conference on Theory (2011)
  • Keohane, Robert O., ed. Neorealism and its Critics (1986)
  • Lebow, Richard Ned. The Tragic Vision of Politics: Ethics, Interests and Orders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Mearsheimer, John J., "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics." New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. [Seminal text on Offensive Neorealism]
  • Meyer, Donald. The Protestant Search for Political Realism, 1919-1941 (1988) online edition
  • Molloy, Sean. The Hidden History of Realism: A Genealogy of Power Politics. New York: Palgrave, 2006.
  • Morgenthau, Hans. "Scientific Man versus Power Politics" (1946) Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    • "Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace" (1948) New York NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
    • "In Defense of the National Interest" (1951) New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
    • "The Purpose of American Politics" (1960) New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Murray, A. J. H., Reconstructing Realism: Between Power Politics and Cosmopolitan Ethics. Edinburgh: Keele University Press, 1997.
  • Osborn, Ronald, "Noam Chomsky and the Realist Tradition," Review of International Studies, Vol.35, No.2, 2009.
  • Rosenthal, Joel H. Righteous Realists: Political Realism, Responsible Power, and American Culture in the Nuclear Age. (1991). 191 pp. Compares Reinhold Niebuhr, Hans J. Morgenthau, Walter Lippmann, George F. Kennan, and Dean Acheson
  • Scheuerman, William E. 2010. "The (classical) Realist vision of global reform." International Theory 2(2): pp. 246–282.
  • Schuett, Robert. Political Realism, Freud, and Human Nature in International Relations. New York: Palgrave, 2010.
  • Smith, Michael Joseph. Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger (1986)
  • Tjalve, Vibeke S. Realist Strategies of Republican Peace: Niebuhr, Morgenthau, and the Politics of Patriotic Dissent. New York: Palgrave, 2008.
  • Williams, Michael C. The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Snið:Refend

Fleiri netheimildir

  1. Political Realism, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  2. see also Doyle, Michael. Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism (Paperback). 1997. London: W. W. Norton & Company, esp. pp. 41–204