Þalöt

Þalöt eða þalatestrar eru estrar þalsýru. Þalöt eru algeng þjálniefni sem er bætt í plast til að gera það sveigjanlegra, gegnsærra, og endingarbetra. Þau eru aðallega notuð í fjölvínýlklóríð (PVC).^[1]^[2] Þótt þalöt séu algeng þjálniefni, eru ekki öll þjálniefni þalöt.

Þalöt berast oft í líkama fólks í litlu magni með fæðu. Eitt þekktasta þalatið er Bis(2-etýlhexýl)þalat (DEHP) sem er merkt sem eiturefni og bannað í matvælaumbúðum, barnaleikföngum, snyrtivörum og öðrum neysluvörum.^[3] Nýlegar rannsóknir benda til neikvæðra áhrifa þalata á innkirtlakerfið og hormónastarfsemi, meðgöngu og þroska barna.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Tilvísanir

↑ Latini G, De Felice C, Verrotti A (nóvember 2004). „Plasticizers, infant nutrition and reproductive health“. Reproductive Toxicology. 19 (1): 27–33. Bibcode:2004RepTx..19...27L. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.05.011. PMID 15336709.
↑ Bi M, Liu W, Luan X, Li M, Liu M, Liu W, Cui Z (október 2021). „Production, Use, and Fate of Phthalic Acid Esters for Polyvinyl Chloride Products in China“. Environmental Science & Technology. 55 (20): 13980–13989. Bibcode:2021EnST...5513980B. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c02374. PMID 34617437. S2CID 238422673.
↑ Ventrice P, Ventrice D, Russo E, De Sarro G (júlí 2013). „Phthalates: European regulation, chemistry, pharmacokinetic and related toxicity“. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 36 (1): 88–96. Bibcode:2013EnvTP..36...88V. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.014. PMID 23603460.
↑ Liu B, Lu X, Jiang A, Lv Y, Zhang H, Xu B (janúar 2024). „Influence of maternal endocrine disrupting chemicals exposure on adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis“. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 270: 115851. Bibcode:2024EcoES.27015851L. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115851. PMID 38157800.
↑ Zamkowska D, Karwacka A, Jurewicz J, Radwan M (júlí 2018). „Environmental exposure to non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals and semen quality: An overview of the current epidemiological evidence“. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 31 (4): 377–414. doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01195. PMID 30160090.
↑ Bansal A, Henao-Mejia J, Simmons RA (janúar 2018). „Immune System: An Emerging Player in Mediating Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Metabolic Health“. Endocrinology. 159 (1): 32–45. doi:10.1210/en.2017-00882. PMC 5761609. PMID 29145569.

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[1] Latini G, De Felice C, Verrotti A (nóvember 2004). „Plasticizers, infant nutrition and reproductive health“. Reproductive Toxicology. 19 (1): 27–33. Bibcode:2004RepTx..19...27L. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.05.011. PMID 15336709.

[2] Bi M, Liu W, Luan X, Li M, Liu M, Liu W, Cui Z (október 2021). „Production, Use, and Fate of Phthalic Acid Esters for Polyvinyl Chloride Products in China“. Environmental Science & Technology. 55 (20): 13980–13989. Bibcode:2021EnST...5513980B. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c02374. PMID 34617437. S2CID 238422673.

[3] Ventrice P, Ventrice D, Russo E, De Sarro G (júlí 2013). „Phthalates: European regulation, chemistry, pharmacokinetic and related toxicity“. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 36 (1): 88–96. Bibcode:2013EnvTP..36...88V. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2013.03.014. PMID 23603460.

[liu-4] Liu B, Lu X, Jiang A, Lv Y, Zhang H, Xu B (janúar 2024). „Influence of maternal endocrine disrupting chemicals exposure on adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis“. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 270: 115851. Bibcode:2024EcoES.27015851L. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115851. PMID 38157800.

[Zamkowska2018-5] Zamkowska D, Karwacka A, Jurewicz J, Radwan M (júlí 2018). „Environmental exposure to non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals and semen quality: An overview of the current epidemiological evidence“. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 31 (4): 377–414. doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01195. PMID 30160090.

[Bansal2018-6] Bansal A, Henao-Mejia J, Simmons RA (janúar 2018). „Immune System: An Emerging Player in Mediating Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Metabolic Health“. Endocrinology. 159 (1): 32–45. doi:10.1210/en.2017-00882. PMC 5761609. PMID 29145569.

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